Materials that are encountered as fine powders and become doughy with the addition of water, and then lose their plasticity over time and harden and have binding properties are called binding substances.
Binders can be divided into two parts. They can be listed as powder binders and liquid binders.
Powder Binding Agents
Powder binders are usually appears as substances such as lime, gypsum, cement, etc.
Liquid Binder Substances
Liquid binders are usually found as hydrocarbon binders used in road construction, and when water is added to these substances, a plastic paste is obtained that can initially be given the requested form.
After a certain period of time, the past begins to solidify. This event is called setting.
There are two types of settings. These are divided into hydraulic binders and air binders.
Hydraulic Binders
It would not be wrong to define hydraulic binders as binders that have the ability to set in both air and water and do not melt in water. Also, to give an example of hydraulic binders, cement would be a pretty good example.
Air Binders
Air binders can only be defined as binders that set in the air, and oily lime can be an example of this type of binder.
First Binders
Many binders have been used in history. These can be sorted briefly in the form of soil, soil limestone mixtures, lime and gypsum, baked clay powders, natural pozzuolana.
Brief History of the First Binders
According to various studies, it is observed that the use of binders date back to Epipaleotic ages, and various examples of historical binders can be found in Israel, Egypt, Turkey and Italy.
First use of binders dates back to the Natufian culture in 17000B. Natufian buildings encountered in Israel are circular shelters with diameters up to 9 m, and their walls are formed by plastering untreated natural stones with limestone milled with clay-mud.
The first applications of extinct lime were coincided with the paintings on the walls of the cave, and lime is used in the construction of internal, external decoration and plaster in the caves.
In addition, in different regions of Ancient Egypt, Cyprus, Crete and Mesopotamia, there were also findings that Lime was used as a building material.
In addition, in the ruins of Çatalhöyük, mortar found dating back 8000 years, and the walls of the Kameiros cistern on the Greek island of Rhodes, made of pozzuolana material, have revealed evidence that lime-natural pozzuolana mixtures were also known thousands of years ago.
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